Step One: Take good notes as you do your research

If you cut 'n' paste text, be sure to: 

• Put quotation marks around any words that you pull directly from another source
• Transfer the information about where the text came from as you go, for example, cut 'n' paste the URL of the website, and list the author, title, journal, etc. right below the text that you copied
• Keep all the research you collect in one place
• Write citations as you go

Step Two: Select the citation style you are going to use

• Use the citation style recommended or required by your professor (commonly APA, MLA, or Chicago)
• If the citation style is left up to you, use the one that is recommended for your discipline
• Stay consistent, using only one citation style throughout your project

Step Three: Decide when you need to cite

• Have you quoted something directly?
• Have you paraphrased another person's idea?
• Every time you cite something within the text of your paper, there should be a corresponding citation

Step Four: Carefully follow the rules of the citation / style guide

• Rules apply to indentation, alphabetization, punctuation, capitalization, abbreviations, element order, using full names or initials, etc.
• Example citations are listed in each of the style guide to be used as models
• If you are citing something unusual, provide enough information to track down the original source, following the same general rules of punctuation, capitalization, etc. 

Step Five: Be consistent and proofread

• Watch for the little things - those little things are what make a citation style distinctive
• Have a detail-oriented friend proofread with you to help catch things you may miss
• If you have used "machine-generated" citations, you need to "human-proofread" those citations to make sure they are following the current rules, and so they are consistent with the rest of your citations.

Yes...you read that right...

Proofreading citations can make you want to pull your hair out. But have no fear! All you need to make sure you catch every accidental typo or anything left out is a Rubber Duck (or any small inanimate object you can talk to). I know it sounds strange, but it really does work!

The practice comes from the world of computer coding. When computer programmers or web designers are checking through the code they are writing, it's common for them to use a "rubber duck."

All you do is read through what you're checking out-loud to your rubbery ducky friend and all of a sudden, anything that you might have missed in your first go-around proofreading jumps out at you!