Quite simply, Gold OA is open access facilitated by a publisher. But just because there's "gold" in the name doesn't make it the best or only way to make your research open. How you decide to share your research will depend on many factors, including who is funding your grant, the nature of your research, your career goals, the norms of your department and academic discipline, your personal thoughts about sharing your work, and a host of other factors. See Transformative Agreements for more on the UI Libraries' role in facilitating Gold OA.

Shades of Gold

While Gold OA is always publisher facilitated, there are different ways they make work open. Here are the basic models that publishers follow:

• Publisher funded OA – In this model, the publisher makes your work open at no cost to you or your institution. It may be called Diamond/Platinum/Unicorn OA. Many small and regional society publications use this method. They are typically hosted by universities or other research organizations and use internal resources and grants to fund publication. The majority of gold OA articles (it's complicated) are published under this model, but unfortunately, many of the more widely read, high impact factor journals are not.


• Author funded OA – Publishers will often make content free and open for readers, but pass along the costs of publication to authors in the form of Article Processing Charges (APCs). If an author has no grant or department money to cover this charge, they are personally responsible for it. APCs can range anywhere from under $500 to several thousand dollars, for publication in a big-name journal. For example, Springer Nature made headlines when it announced it would set its APC at $11,390 per article, for it's flagship publication, Nature, and 32 other journals.


• Hybrid OA – Certain journals make some of their content free and open while shielding other articles behind paywalls. They often frame this as an "author choice" model, where individual researchers can decide whether to pay APCs to make their article open. Publishers sometimes claim that this is a transitional model, and that hybrid journals are a necessary step on the way to full OA. But universities see this as double-dipping, since we're paying for the closed, subscription content, as well as paying to make the OA articles open. This system also disadvantages the many authors who cannot afford to pay. While having access to some information is better than nothing, this model is a complex one to manage. It is a challenge to librarians and to the public to know what is free and what is not.

“Green OA” refers to author-initiated open access. Authors can make their work open by posting an article after publication in an open repository such as PubMed Central or Iowa Research Online (note that this requires retaining sufficient rights to do so) or by posting an unpublished article on a preprint server or other repository. One advantage to choosing Green OA instead of Gold is that there is no cost associated with self-archiving and sharing your work, as there often is when making your research OA through a publisher. Pre-prints and accepted manuscripts are the two most common types of work made available through Green OA. 

Preprints

A preprint is a manuscript that has not yet been submitted to a journal, and may never be. These manuscripts are submitted to a disciplinary preprint server, where they are freely available and are open for comments. Preprints allow for rapid dissemination of new research and the feedback received can strengthen the manuscript. Many preprint servers allow authors to incorporate feedback into the manuscript, before it is submitted for publication in a journal. Readers need to be clear that because preprints do not undergo peer review, conclusions may have changed prior to publication. Preprints may also be called Submitted Version, Author's Original Manuscript (AOM), or Original manuscript.

The author owns copyright to this version and posting to a preprint repository is usually not considered prior publication by a journal, but a journal may require that you disclose such a posting prior to publication. Sherpa/Romeo can be used to check a journal’s policies.

Accepted Version

The accepted version is the final author-created version of a manuscript that has been accepted for publication and incorporates referee comments made during peer review. However, it may lack final copy-editing and does not incorporate the journal’s layout or pagination. It is also known as: Authors Accepted Manuscript (AAM), Authors accepted version, Final Author version, and Post-print.

Publishers may allow these to be shared through a disciplinary repository or an institutional repository, but often after an embargo period has passed.

Disciplinary Repositories

Here is a list of some of the repositories where you might consider depositing your work. Note that disciplinary repositories often include both preprints and accepted manuscripts, but may be exclusively for one type.

Institutional Repositories 

An institutional repository is a collection of research and creative works by people affiliated with that institution. Typically, such a repository may include faculty and researcher articles, presentations, reports, and working papers. In other words, anything that is appropriate to a researcher's CV and for which copyright and author agreements allow inclusion of the content. Institutional repositories are non-commercial, but do not primarily include preprints, so they are not considered a preprint repository. The content is well indexed with records shared to increase the ease of finding content and preserved, so are different than an institutional website or an author's homepage.

Our institutional repository is called Iowa Research Online. More extensive information about our repository can be found on a separate guide.

Other repositories can be found in:

How do I know if my publisher allows for Green OA?

One way to find important information about publishers' open access and copyright policies is to consult Sherpa Romeo. Sherpa Romeo is an online resource that aggregates and presents publisher and journal open access policies from around the world. The Romeo team provides summaries of self-archiving permissions and conditions of rights given to authors on a journal-by-journal basis where possible. The user guide (PDF) provides additional information.

If in doubt, you should always check the publisher website to see what their current terms are or check the publishing agreement to see what your rights are as an author. The Libraries' Scholarly Impact Department can help you navigate publisher policies to find out what is allowed and help you upload allowed manuscripts into Iowa Research Online (IRO).